A novel approach to estimating the competitive ability of Cirsium arvense in cereals using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery

Eight experiments were carried out in Denmark to determine the yield loss of spring barley due to Cirsium arvense in farmers' fields and to suggest and evaluate a novel approach for quantifying C. arvense infestation in large plots. Literature about the competitive ability of C. arvense is old, scattered and inconclusive, and existing models for estimating crop yield loss are based on data from North America. This study showed that C. arvense coverage could be quantified from unmanned aerial vehicle imagery using a manual image analysis procedure. This gave similar results as scoring the coverage. Yield loss of spring barley due to C. arvense infestation assessed at harvest was given by Y = 100·(1−exp(−0.00170·X)) where Y is the percentage of crop yield loss and X is the percentage of C. arvense coverage. The yield loss was much lower than estimates from models that have been developed in North America. It is speculated that the main reason for this is the later emergence of C. arvense than the crop due to lower soil temperatures in spring. Grain moisture increased linearly with C. arvense coverage: M = 0.0310·X where M is the proportional (%) increase in grain moisture and X is the proportion (%) of C. arvense coverage. Automated image analysis procedures are needed to estimate C. arvense coverage on field scales, and further experiments are needed to reveal whether the low competitive ability of C. arvense found in this study is representative for Northern Europe.     

夹竹桃花挥发油的GC-MS分析及β-葡萄糖苷酶对夹竹桃花的增香和豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌的作用

目的:建立夹竹桃花挥发油GC-MS的色谱分离鉴定方法,分析夹竹桃花挥发油的化学成分和对豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌的作用。方法:采用挥发油提取器提取夹竹桃花挥发油,以GC-MS法进行分析鉴定,建立了豚鼠离体子宫模型。结果:分别从无酶和有酶的夹竹桃花挥发油提取物中确证了58和57个化合物,挥发油对豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌有收缩作用。结论:对夹竹桃的挥发油化学成分进行了比较分析结果表明,β-葡萄糖苷酶对夹竹桃花有较弱增香作用,也能增加豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩。     

Effects of selective cutting and timing of herbicide application on growth and development of Cirsium arvense in spring barley

Recently, a new implement for controlling weeds in cereals (CombCut) has been developed. It cuts weeds in growing cereals without damaging them by using the physical differences (in height, stem thickness, straw stiffness and branching pattern) between crops and weeds. To evaluate and compare the effects of selective cutting with different timings of herbicide application on Cirsium arvense in spring barley, a randomised block experiment was conducted in Sweden in 2015–2017, in a field with a naturally occurring C. arvense population. Treatments consisted of control (C), herbicide application at 4–5‐leaf stage of C. arvense (H1), herbicide application at 8–10‐leaf stage (H2) and selective cutting at 10‐leaf stage (S). The treatments were performed in 2015 and repeated in 2016 in the same plots, and a final evaluation was performed in 2017. Compared to the control, S, H1 and H2 were equally efficient in reducing above‐ground biomass production of C. arvense and increasing spring barley grain yield per unit area. The number of C. arvense shoots per area was, however, higher in S compared to H1 and H2. No differences in control effects on shoot number were observed between H1 and H2. Our study indicates that (i) selective cutting (S) reduces C. arvense equally efficient as herbicide application and (ii) early herbicide spraying is as efficient as spraying later in the season.     

8种土壤改良剂对多年生黑麦草草坪质量的影响

在兰州新区通过田间小区试验,研究了8种土壤改良剂对多年生黑麦草草坪质量的影响。结果表明:8种土壤改良剂都提高了草坪叶绿素含量,其中,7种处理(除硫磺粉处理)都增大了草坪草的密度、高度、地下生物量和地上生物量,6种处理(除硫磺粉、硫磺粉+磷矿粉处理)都增大了叶宽和盖度,"肥帝溉"处理均为最大处理(P0.05),其相应草坪质量指标最大值分别为,叶绿素含量为3.1 mg/g,密度为2.0株/cm~2,叶宽为1.8 mm,盖度为95.3%,高度为10.9cm,地下生物量为709.3 g/m~2,地上生物量为638.6g/m~2;延长草坪绿期方面,"美魅"+过磷酸钙处理为186 d,与对照差异显著(P0.05)。8个处理和对照(CK)的草坪质量综合评价高低顺序为,"肥帝溉"大量元素水溶肥料"康地宝"盐碱土壤改良剂"美魅"土壤改良剂+过磷酸钙过磷酸钙+石膏粉过磷酸钙硫磺粉+磷矿粉"甘云翼"对照硫磺粉。     

Characteristics and decomposition rates of pruning residues from a shaded coffee system in Southeastern Brazil

In the Zona da Mata Mineira of Southeastern Brazil the development of sustainable land requires the integration of crops with trees. The objectives of this study then were to (i) characterize prunings from the main tree species in an agroforestry system; (ii) determine the effects of the physical and chemical characteristics of the prunings on their decomposition patterns in the laboratory; (iii) assess the effect of mixing leaves of different species on decomposition rates; and (iv) propose a decomposition index for the residues studied. The study was carried out with pruning residues from Cajanus cajan, Solanum variable, Cassia ferruginea, Piptadenia gonoacantha, Croton urucurana, and Melinis multiflora. The materials were characterized for total C, N, P, Ca, Mg and K contents; lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and soluble polyphenols contents. The pruning residues had high polyphenols and lignin contents, high C:N and C:P ratios, and low contents of Ca, Mg, and K. The low decomposition rates of the prunings were related to the P, K, hemicellulose and polyphenol contents. The rates of N mineralization from most of the residues indicate that there is a potential to supply the needs of a crop of maize. The residues of some species, if decomposed alone, would not supply sufficient nutrients, and need to be mixed with leaves of other species.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多年生黑麦草核型分析与组织培养再生植株染色体变异研究

对多年生黑麦草核型及组织培养再生植株细胞染色体变异进行了观察研究。结果表明：多年生黑麦草为二倍体，属中等染色体，由中部着丝点染色体和亚中部着丝点染色体组成，属“1A”型，其核型公式为2n=2x=14=2sm 12m(2SAT)。组培再生苗根尖细胞有40％发生了染色体数目变异，其中以非整倍体变异居多；同时存在一定数量的染色体倒位、断裂、凝聚、双着丝点等染色体结构变异及染色体桥、落后染色体、染色体不均等分裂等染色体有丝分裂异常现象。     

河南省野生兰科花卉资源现状及保护利用初探

本文对河南省野生兰科花卉资源状况进行了概述,分析了目前我省野生兰科花卉的保护利用的价值,并对今后野生兰科花卉的保护及利用措施提出建议。     

江西省花卉产业的现状与对策分析

在概述江西花卉业现状的基础上 ,指出了其存在的主要问题 ,并提出了推进江西花卉产业化的相关措施和建议     

我国宿根花卉研究进展

宿根花卉在园林中应用广泛，为实现节约型园林发挥至关重要的作用。国内对宿根花卉进行了大量的研究。为深入掌握其研究深度和广度，综合使用文献收集法、专家调查法及实地踏查，归纳总结国内针对宿根花卉的研究进展情况。研究结果表明，相关研究主要集中在材料的筛选与评价、抗性研究、园林应用、分类与配植、养护与管理、引用驯化等6个方面。随着园林的大跨步式发展进程，关于宿根花卉的研究处于较高的水平，相关研究深度以及延度已经进入到贴近实际应用的层面。     

建筑风景压花画《花丛中的布达拉宫》的设计与制作

以庞大建筑群体为主的压花作品《花丛中的布达拉宫》是风景压花画中制作难度较大的作品之一，通过对该作品设计的灵感来源、草图设计、花材选择以及详尽的制作过程和技巧的分析，总结制作经验，归纳建筑型风景压花画制作遵循的原则，为压花工作者和爱好者制作复杂建筑型压花画提供参考。